CIP-6: Python SDK & Actor API

Status: Draft Type: Standards Track Category: SDK

Overview

This improvement proposal aims to hide underlying mechanisms (message passing, Timer, Gas) through high-level abstractions while strictly adhering to the PVM determinism constraints defined by the Cowboy mainchain (no JIT, soft-float, fixed hash seed, CBOR serialization).

Design Principles

Determinism First: All SDK abstractions must compile to deterministic on-chain operations
Explicit Over Implicit: State crossing block boundaries must be explicitly declared
Secure by Default: Prevent developers from inadvertently writing code that breaks consensus
Progressive Complexity: Simple APIs for simple scenarios, full control for complex scenarios

Chapter 1: Call Primitives and Delivery Timing

1.1 Three Call Primitives

The Cowboy SDK provides three call primitives for different scenarios:

Primitive	Delivery Timing	Return Value	Atomicity	Rollback Propagation	Typical Use Cases
`call()`	T+0 (same transaction)	✅ Direct return	✅ Shared context	✅ Cascading rollback	Atomic operations, state queries
`send()`	T+N (next block)	❌ None	❌ Independent transaction	❌ Irrevocable	Notifications, triggering tasks
`await continuation`	T+N (after off-chain execution)	✅ Resume return	❌ Independent transaction	❌ Irrevocable	LLM, HTTP, cross-Actor async

1.2 Execution Sequence Diagram

1.3 Synchronous Call (call) - T+0

Synchronous calls execute immediately within the current transaction, sharing atomic context. PVM Determinism Constraints:

Call depth accumulates to reentrancy limit (32), each call() consumes 1 depth level
Must explicitly pass cycles_limit to prevent infinite recursion
Return values must be CBOR serializable types

from cowboy_sdk import call

def atomic_swap(self, user: str, amount_a: int, amount_b: int):
    """
    Synchronous call semantics:
    - Immediate execution: call() jumps to target Actor immediately within current transaction
    - Shared context: Caller and callee share the same transaction's read-write set
    - Atomic rollback: raise at any point rolls back the entire call chain
    """
    
    # Synchronous call: execute immediately and return result
    balance_a = call(
        target="0x1111...",
        method="get_balance",
        args={"user": user},
        cycles_limit=5000  # Must explicitly specify
    )
    
    if balance_a < amount_a:
        raise InsufficientBalance()
    
    # These two transfers execute atomically within the same transaction
    call(
        target="0x1111...", 
        method="transfer", 
        args={"from_addr": user, "to_addr": self.address, "amount": amount_a},
        cycles_limit=10000
    )
    
    call(
        target="0x2222...", 
        method="transfer",
        args={"from_addr": self.address, "to_addr": user, "amount": amount_b},
        cycles_limit=10000
    )
    # If execution reaches here without exceptions, both transfers are committed

Syntactic Sugar: ActorRef

from cowboy_sdk import ActorRef

@actor
class TradingBot:
    def check_arbitrage(self):
        # SDK syntactic sugar: automatically generates call() invocation
        oracle = ActorRef("0x4444...")
        price = oracle.get_price("ETH")  # Compiles to call(...)
        
        if price < 1000:
            self.execute_buy()

1.4 Asynchronous Message (send) - T+N

Asynchronous messages are queued for delivery in the next block, with no return value and irrevocable. PVM Determinism Constraints:

Multiple send() calls within the same transaction queue messages in call order
Message ID: keccak256(sender_addr + nonce + target + payload_hash)
Messages are strictly delivered at the start of the next block

from cowboy_sdk import send

def trigger_downstream(self, order_id: str):
    """
    Asynchronous message semantics:
    - Delayed delivery: Messages queue to next block
    - No return value: send() returns None immediately
    - Irrevocable: Messages cannot be cancelled after sending
    """
    
    # Send notification (fire and forget)
    send(
        target="0x3333...",
        message={"action": "notify", "order_id": order_id}
    )
    
    # Can send multiple messages consecutively, delivered in order
    send(target="0x4444...", message={"action": "log", "order_id": order_id})
    send(target="0x5555...", message={"action": "audit", "order_id": order_id})

⚠️ Fire-and-Forget Risks and Compensation Patterns

# ❌ Anti-pattern: raise after send() causes inconsistency
def risky_workflow(self, order_id: str):
    send(target="0x3333...", message={"action": "order_created", ...})
    
    result = call(target="0x1111...", method="reserve_inventory", ...)
    if not result.success:
        # ⚠️ send() already dispatched, cannot be revoked
        raise InventoryError()

# ✅ Recommended pattern: Complete potentially failing operations first, then send()
def safe_workflow(self, order_id: str):
    # Execute all potentially failing synchronous calls first
    result = call(target="0x1111...", method="reserve_inventory", ...)
    if not result.success:
        raise InventoryError()
    
    call(target="0x2222...", method="charge_payment", ...)
    
    # Send notifications only after all critical operations succeed
    send(target="0x3333...", message={"action": "order_created", ...})

1.5 Reentrancy and Circular Calls

from cowboy_sdk import call, reentrancy_guard

@actor
class ContractA:
    def method_1(self, depth: int = 0):
        if depth > 5:
            return "max depth reached"
        
        # Call B, B will callback to A.method_2
        # Legal reentrancy, as long as total depth ≤ 32
        result = call(
            target="0xBBBB...",
            method="call_back_to_a",
            args={"depth": depth},
            cycles_limit=50000
        )
        return result

@actor
class SafeToken:
    # SDK decorator automatically handles reentrancy protection
    @reentrancy_guard
    def transfer(self, to: str, amount: int):
        # SDK automatically locks at entry, unlocks at exit
        # Lock key is deterministically generated based on keccak256(method_name + caller_addr)
        pass

Chapter 2: Continuation Mechanism

Continuation is the core mechanism for Cowboy to handle cross-block asynchronous operations. The SDK provides two Continuation decorators:

Decorator	Purpose	await Target
`@runner.continuation`	Call off-chain Runner services	`runner.llm()`, `runner.http()`, etc.
`@actor.continuation`	Inter-Actor async request-response	`ActorRef.async_*()` methods

Both share the same compilation strategy and state machine mechanism, differing only in the await target.

2.1 Compilation Strategy: Explicit State Machine Transformation

The SDK compiles async functions into Finite State Automata (FSM), with each await point defining a state. PVM Determinism Constraints:

State serialization uses Canonical CBOR
State ID: keccak256(actor_addr + method_name + invocation_nonce)
Each Continuation state occupies Actor storage quota
Captured variables must be CBOR serializable types (closures, function references, generators are prohibited)

2.2 capture() - Explicit State Capture

Developers must use capture() to explicitly declare variables that need to be preserved across await:

from cowboy_sdk import runner, capture

@runner.continuation
async def sequential_workflow(self, msg):
    # Declare variables to capture across await
    ctx = capture()
    
    # Step 1: First await
    ctx.step1 = await runner.http("https://api1.com/data")
    # After compilation: send message + save {state: 1, ctx: {step1: ...}} + return
    
    # Step 2: Use step1 result
    ctx.step2 = await runner.llm(f"Analyze: {ctx.step1}")
    # After compilation: restore state + send message + save {state: 2, ctx: {...}} + return
    
    # Step 3: Final processing
    self.storage.set("result", ctx.step2.summary)
    # After compilation: restore state + execute + cleanup Continuation state

2.3 Supported Patterns and Limitations

Pattern	Support Status	Notes
Sequential await	✅ Supported (max 8)	Each await generates a state transition
Conditional await	✅ Supported	State machine includes branches
await in loops	⚠️ Limited support	Must use `@bounded_loop` to declare upper bound
await in try/except	✅ Supported	Exception states are also serialized
await in nested function calls	❌ Not supported	Must flatten to top-level function
Recursive await	❌ Not supported	Cannot serialize recursive stack

2.4 Conditional Branch await

@runner.continuation
async def conditional_workflow(self, msg):
    ctx = capture()
    
    ctx.analysis = await runner.llm("Initial analysis...")
    
    # Conditional branch: state machine includes two possible subsequent states
    if ctx.analysis.confidence > 0.8:
        # Branch A: State 2A
        ctx.details = await runner.llm("Deep dive...")
        self.execute_high_confidence(ctx.details)
    else:
        # Branch B: State 2B  
        ctx.fallback = await runner.http("https://fallback-api.com")
        self.execute_low_confidence(ctx.fallback)

2.5 Bounded Loop await

Using await in loops requires declaring iteration upper bound:

from cowboy_sdk import runner, capture, bounded_loop

@runner.continuation
async def loop_workflow(self, msg):
    ctx = capture()
    
    ctx.items = await runner.http("https://api.com/items")
    ctx.results = []
    
    # bounded_loop declares loop upper bound, compiler generates states accordingly
    # If actual iterations exceed max_iterations, throws LoopBoundExceeded
    @bounded_loop(max_iterations=10)
    async def process_items():
        for item in ctx.items[:10]:  # Must slice before loop
            result = await runner.process(item)
            ctx.results.append(result)
    
    await process_items()
    
    return aggregate(ctx.results)

2.6 Error Handling with await

@runner.continuation
async def error_handling_workflow(self, msg):
    ctx = capture()
    
    try:
        ctx.result = await runner.llm("...", timeout_blocks=50)
        self.process(ctx.result)
        
    except RunnerTimeoutError:
        # Timeout: SDK deterministically triggers this branch at block N+50
        ctx.fallback = await runner.http("https://fallback.com")
        self.process_fallback(ctx.fallback)
        
    except RunnerValidationError as e:
        # Validation failure: Runner result doesn't conform to Schema
        self.log_error(e)

2.7 @actor.continuation - Inter-Actor Async Calls

For async request-response patterns between Actors (not Runner):

from cowboy_sdk import actor, capture

@actor
class TradingBot:
    @actor.continuation(timeout_blocks=100)
    async def query_multiple_oracles(self, assets: list[str]):
        ctx = capture()  # Also requires capture()
        
        oracle = ActorRef("0x4444...")
        ctx.results = []
        
        # Must use bounded_loop
        @bounded_loop(max_iterations=5)
        async def fetch_prices():
            for asset in assets[:5]:
                # await compiles to send() + callback handler
                price = await oracle.async_get_price(asset)
                ctx.results.append(price)
        
        await fetch_prices()
        return ctx.results

2.8 Continuation State Storage

# Continuation state is stored under a special namespace in Actor storage
# Key: __continuation:{correlation_id}
# Value: CBOR({
#     "state": int,           # Current state number
#     "ctx": dict,            # Captured variables
#     "created_block": int,   # Block height at creation
#     "timeout_block": int,   # Timeout block height
#     "checksum": bytes       # State integrity checksum
# })

# Storage limits
CONTINUATION_MAX_SIZE = 64 * 1024  # Single Continuation max 64 KiB
CONTINUATION_MAX_COUNT = 100        # Max 100 active Continuations per Actor

2.9 Compilation Output Example (Informative)

Original code:

@runner.continuation
async def example(self, msg):
    ctx = capture()
    ctx.a = await runner.llm("step1")
    ctx.b = await runner.llm(f"step2: {ctx.a}")
    return ctx.b

Compiled equivalent:

def example(self, msg):
    cont_state = self._load_continuation(msg)
    
    if cont_state is None:
        # Initial call: send first task
        correlation_id = self._gen_correlation_id()
        self._save_continuation(correlation_id, {"state": 0, "ctx": {}})
        send(RUNNER, {
            "job_type": "llm", "prompt": "step1",
            "correlation_id": correlation_id,
            "reply_handler": "example__resume"
        })
        return
    
def example__resume(self, msg):
    cont_state = self._load_continuation(msg.correlation_id)
    ctx = cont_state["ctx"]
    
    if cont_state["state"] == 0:
        ctx["a"] = msg.result
        self._save_continuation(msg.correlation_id, {"state": 1, "ctx": ctx})
        send(RUNNER, {
            "job_type": "llm", "prompt": f"step2: {ctx['a']}",
            "correlation_id": msg.correlation_id,
            "reply_handler": "example__resume"
        })
        return
        
    elif cont_state["state"] == 1:
        ctx["b"] = msg.result
        self._delete_continuation(msg.correlation_id)
        return ctx["b"]

Chapter 3: State Safety Mechanisms

Cowboy provides two complementary state safety mechanisms:

Mechanism	Purpose	Timing
`guard`	Verify state unchanged during cross-block period	On Continuation resume
`capture`	Save local variables across blocks	Before and after await points

3.1 Guard Mechanism - State Protection

Guard prevents stale state vulnerabilities caused by cross-block execution. PVM Determinism Constraints:

Object identity comparison (id() or is) is prohibited
State fingerprint uses Canonical CBOR + keccak256
Cannot use pickle or unstable JSON

Method A: Decorator-Level Guard

# Declaration: Before resuming execution, specified storage keys must be unchanged
@runner.continuation(guard_unchanged=["price", "config"])
async def execute_strategy(self, msg):
    # SDK internal logic:
    # 1. Capture current value: v1 = keccak256(cbor(storage.get("price")))
    # 2. Write v1 to continuation state
    # 3. Send task...
    # 4. (Cross-block wait) ...
    # 5. On resume, recalculate: v2 = keccak256(cbor(storage.get("price")))
    # 6. If v1 != v2, throw StateConflictError
    
    result = await runner.llm("Analyze market...")
    self.buy()

Method B: Object-Level Fine-Grained Guard

async def flexible_trade(self, msg):
    # .guard() returns a GuardedValue object
    # Internal storage: {'key': 'balance', 'snapshot_hash': '0x123...', 'value': 1000}
    balance = self.storage.guard("balance") 
    
    try:
        # SDK automatically injects balance's snapshot_hash into continuation state
        result = await runner.llm(...)
        
        # Explicitly accessing .value triggers validation
        # If current storage["balance"] hash doesn't match snapshot, throws exception
        new_balance = balance.value - 100
        self.storage.set("balance", new_balance)
        
    except StateConflictError:
        # Deterministic exception: all nodes throw exception at the same instruction
        self.log("Balance changed, aborting.")

3.2 Collaboration Between Guard and Capture

guard and capture solve different problems and can be used together:

@runner.continuation(guard_unchanged=["user_balance"])  # Verify balance unchanged
async def complex_workflow(self, msg):
    ctx = capture()  # Save local variables
    
    # ctx saves intermediate computation results
    ctx.analysis = await runner.llm("...")
    
    # guard_unchanged ensures user_balance wasn't modified by other transactions during wait
    # If modified, throws StateConflictError on resume
    
    ctx.decision = await runner.llm(f"Based on {ctx.analysis}...")
    
    # user_balance is guaranteed to be consistent with start time during execution
    self.execute_trade(ctx.decision)

Summary of Differences:

capture() saves local variables (temporary values within the function)
guard_unchanged verifies storage state (Actor’s persistent data)

Chapter 4: Async Tools

4.1 Timeout and Retry

PVM Determinism Constraints:

Time units must be block height, using seconds or time.time() is prohibited
Retry jitter must use on-chain VRF, random.random() is prohibited

from cowboy_sdk import Retry

async def fetch_data(self):
    try:
        result = await runner.http(
            url="https://api.example.com",
            # PVM constraint: timeout must be integer (block count)
            timeout_blocks=20,  
            
            # Retry policy: delay sequence is fixed [1, 2, 4, 8] blocks
            # If jitter is needed, SDK internally uses HKDF(VRF_Beacon, actor_addr)
            retry_policy=Retry(max_attempts=3, backoff="exponential") 
        )
    except RunnerTimeoutError:
        # Deterministic error, all nodes trigger at block N+20
        self.cleanup()

SDK Internal Implementation:

Timer ID generation: keccak256(current_msg_id + "timer"), ensures consistency across all nodes
Automatic cleanup: When Runner result is received or Timeout triggers, SDK automatically cancels the other resource

4.2 TaskGroup - Structured Concurrency

Allows developers to write parallel tasks with synchronous code thinking. PVM Determinism Constraints:

Task creation order within TaskGroup must be strictly consistent, determining message Nonce and hash
When aggregating results, SDK returns results in deterministic order (by task creation order)

async with runner.TaskGroup() as tg:
    # Task 1: consumes nonce N at creation
    t1 = tg.create_task(runner.llm(prompt="A"))
    # Task 2: consumes nonce N+1 at creation
    t2 = tg.create_task(runner.llm(prompt="B"))

# Reaching here means all tasks are complete
# PVM constraint: regardless of which returns first, result access order is deterministic
if t1.result.score > t2.result.score:
    self.action()

Chapter 5: Type System

5.1 CowboyModel - PVM-Safe Data Model

Standard Pydantic BaseModel may use non-deterministic behavior. The SDK provides a customized CowboyModel: PVM Determinism Constraints:

Python native float depends on hardware FPU, is non-deterministic
Must use SoftFloat instead of float
Decimal must specify precision

from cowboy_sdk import CowboyModel, Field
from cowboy_sdk.types import SoftFloat

class MarketAnalysis(CowboyModel):
    # Must use SoftFloat instead of float
    sentiment_score: SoftFloat = Field(..., ge=0, le=1)
    tags: list[str]
    # Use string for amounts to avoid floating-point precision issues
    price_target: str  

@actor
class Trader:
    async def analyze(self):
        # response_model tells Runner to conform to this JSON Schema
        result = await runner.llm(
            prompt="Analyze...",
            response_model=MarketAnalysis
        )
        
        # SDK internal:
        # 1. Receive JSON result
        # 2. Validate using canonical CBOR rules
        # 3. Instantiate MarketAnalysis (throws DeterministicValidationError if validation fails)
        
        if result.sentiment_score > SoftFloat("0.8"):
            self.buy()

5.2 PVM-Specific Types

Type	Replaces	Description
`SoftFloat`	`float`	Uses software floating-point library, cross-platform deterministic
`ordered_set`	`set`	Insertion-ordered set, deterministic iteration order
`BlockHeight`	`int`	Semantic block height type

Chapter 6: Declarative Verification Builder

Use fluent chaining to replace hand-written complex verification JSON configuration. PVM Determinism Constraints:

Regardless of how code is called, the final generated Job Spec JSON must have ordered keys

6.1 Basic API

from cowboy_sdk import Verify
from cowboy_sdk.types import SoftFloat

await runner.llm(
    prompt="...",
    verification=Verify.builder()
        .mode("structured_match")
        .runners(5)
        .threshold(3)
        .check(Verify.numeric_tolerance("score", SoftFloat("0.05")))
        .check(Verify.no_prompt_leak())
        .check(Verify.custom(actor="0x123...", method="check_quality"))
        .build() 
)

6.2 Verification Modes

Mode	Method	Description
`none`	`.mode("none")`	No verification, only guarantees non-delivery
`economic_bond`	`.mode("economic_bond")`	Single Runner + bond
`majority_vote`	`.mode("majority_vote")`	Majority vote on specified field
`structured_match`	`.mode("structured_match")`	Validator function matching
`deterministic`	`.mode("deterministic")`	Exact match + TEE
`semantic_similarity`	`.mode("semantic_similarity")`	Embedding similarity

6.3 Built-in Checkers

Checker	Description
`Verify.exact_match()`	Byte-for-byte equality
`Verify.json_schema_valid(schema)`	JSON Schema validation
`Verify.structured_match(fields)`	Specified fields must match
`Verify.majority_vote(field)`	Field value >50% agreement
`Verify.numeric_tolerance(field, tolerance)`	Number within ±tolerance
`Verify.numeric_range(field, min, max)`	Number within bounds
`Verify.set_equality(field)`	Unordered set equality
`Verify.contains_all(substrings)`	Output contains required strings
`Verify.contains_none(substrings)`	Output excludes strings
`Verify.regex_match(pattern)`	Regular expression match
`Verify.length_bounds(min, max)`	Output length within bounds
`Verify.semantic_similarity(threshold)`	Embedding cosine similarity
`Verify.no_prompt_leak()`	Output doesn’t contain system prompt
`Verify.entropy_check(min_entropy)`	Output is not repetitive/degenerate
`Verify.custom(actor, method)`	Custom validator Actor

6.4 Complete Example

from cowboy_sdk import Verify, runner
from cowboy_sdk.types import SoftFloat

# Scenario: Financial analysis, requiring high reliability
await runner.llm(
    prompt="Analyze BTC market trends...",
    response_model=MarketAnalysis,
    verification=Verify.builder()
        .mode("structured_match")
        .runners(5)
        .threshold(3)
        # Must pass Schema validation
        .check(Verify.json_schema_valid(MarketAnalysis.schema()))
        # sentiment_score error not exceeding 0.05
        .check(Verify.numeric_tolerance("sentiment_score", SoftFloat("0.05")))
        # tags field must match exactly
        .check(Verify.structured_match(["tags"]))
        # No system prompt leakage allowed
        .check(Verify.no_prompt_leak())
        # Custom business logic validation
        .check(Verify.custom(actor="0xABC...", method="validate_analysis"))
        .build(),
    # Other options
    timeout_blocks=100,
    tee_required=True
)

Chapter 7: Mixed Usage Patterns

7.1 Comprehensive Example

from cowboy_sdk import actor, runner, call, send, capture, Verify
from cowboy_sdk.types import SoftFloat

@actor
class TradingAgent:
    
    @runner.continuation(guard_unchanged=["user_balance"])
    async def hybrid_workflow(self, msg):
        """Demonstrates mixed usage of three primitives"""
        ctx = capture()
        
        # Step 1: Synchronous call to query state (T+0)
        ctx.balance = call(
            target="0x1111...",
            method="get_balance",
            args={"user": msg.user},
            cycles_limit=5000
        )
        
        # Step 2: Off-chain LLM analysis (T+N)
        ctx.analysis = await runner.llm(
            prompt=f"Should user with balance {ctx.balance} trade?",
            timeout_blocks=100,
            verification=Verify.builder()
                .mode("structured_match")
                .runners(3)
                .threshold(2)
                .check(Verify.json_schema_valid(TradeDecision.schema()))
                .build()
        )
        
        # Step 3: Decision based on analysis result
        if ctx.analysis.recommendation == "trade":
            # Synchronous call to execute trade (T+0, executes atomically in resumed transaction)
            # guard_unchanged ensures user_balance is unchanged
            call(
                target="0x2222...",
                method="execute_trade",
                args={"user": msg.user, "amount": ctx.balance // 2},
                cycles_limit=50000
            )
        
        # Step 4: Send notification (T+N, next block)
        send(
            target="0x3333...",
            message={
                "action": "trade_completed",
                "user": msg.user,
                "analysis": ctx.analysis.summary
            }
        )

Appendix A: PVM Compatibility Iron Rules

Developers must adhere to the following rules:

#	Rule	Alternative
1	Prohibit `import time`	Use Block Height
2	Prohibit `import random`	Use SDK-provided VRF interface
3	Prohibit `float`	Use `cowboy_sdk.types.SoftFloat`
4	Prohibit `set()`	SDK automatically converts to `ordered_set`
5	Prohibit `pickle`	Cross-block data must support CBOR
6	`call()` depth limit	Cumulative max 32 levels, must explicitly pass cycles_limit
7	`await` point limit	Single Continuation function max 8 sequential awaits
8	await in loops	Must use `@bounded_loop` to declare iteration upper bound
9	Continuation capture	Use `capture()` to explicitly declare variables preserved across await
10	`send()` is irrevocable	Complete potentially failing `call()` first, then `send()` last

Appendix B: Call Semantics Quick Reference

B.1 Call Primitive Selection

B.2 Scenario Recommended Patterns

Appendix C: Mechanism Comparison Table

Mechanism	Purpose	Scope	Timing
`capture()`	Save local variables	Within function	Before and after await
`guard_unchanged`	Verify storage state unchanged	storage keys	On Continuation resume
`storage.guard()`	Fine-grained verification of single key	Single key	When accessing .value
`@reentrancy_guard`	Prevent reentrancy attacks	Method level	Method entry/exit
`@bounded_loop`	Limit loop iterations	Loop block	During loop execution

​Overview

​Design Principles

​Chapter 1: Call Primitives and Delivery Timing

​1.1 Three Call Primitives

​1.2 Execution Sequence Diagram

​1.3 Synchronous Call (call) - T+0

​1.4 Asynchronous Message (send) - T+N

​1.5 Reentrancy and Circular Calls

​Chapter 2: Continuation Mechanism

​2.1 Compilation Strategy: Explicit State Machine Transformation

​2.2 capture() - Explicit State Capture

​2.3 Supported Patterns and Limitations

​2.4 Conditional Branch await

​2.5 Bounded Loop await

​2.6 Error Handling with await

​2.7 @actor.continuation - Inter-Actor Async Calls

​2.8 Continuation State Storage

​2.9 Compilation Output Example (Informative)

​Chapter 3: State Safety Mechanisms

​3.1 Guard Mechanism - State Protection

​Method A: Decorator-Level Guard

​Method B: Object-Level Fine-Grained Guard

​3.2 Collaboration Between Guard and Capture

​Chapter 4: Async Tools

​4.1 Timeout and Retry

​4.2 TaskGroup - Structured Concurrency

​Chapter 5: Type System

​5.1 CowboyModel - PVM-Safe Data Model

​5.2 PVM-Specific Types

​Chapter 6: Declarative Verification Builder

​6.1 Basic API

​6.2 Verification Modes

​6.3 Built-in Checkers

​6.4 Complete Example

​Chapter 7: Mixed Usage Patterns

​7.1 Comprehensive Example

​Appendix A: PVM Compatibility Iron Rules

​Appendix B: Call Semantics Quick Reference

​B.1 Call Primitive Selection

​B.2 Scenario Recommended Patterns

​Appendix C: Mechanism Comparison Table

Overview

Design Principles

Chapter 1: Call Primitives and Delivery Timing

1.1 Three Call Primitives

1.2 Execution Sequence Diagram

1.3 Synchronous Call (call) - T+0

1.4 Asynchronous Message (send) - T+N

1.5 Reentrancy and Circular Calls

Chapter 2: Continuation Mechanism

2.1 Compilation Strategy: Explicit State Machine Transformation

2.2 capture() - Explicit State Capture

2.3 Supported Patterns and Limitations

2.4 Conditional Branch await

2.5 Bounded Loop await

2.6 Error Handling with await

2.7 @actor.continuation - Inter-Actor Async Calls

2.8 Continuation State Storage

2.9 Compilation Output Example (Informative)

Chapter 3: State Safety Mechanisms

3.1 Guard Mechanism - State Protection

Method A: Decorator-Level Guard

Method B: Object-Level Fine-Grained Guard

3.2 Collaboration Between Guard and Capture

Chapter 4: Async Tools

4.1 Timeout and Retry

4.2 TaskGroup - Structured Concurrency

Chapter 5: Type System

5.1 CowboyModel - PVM-Safe Data Model

5.2 PVM-Specific Types

Chapter 6: Declarative Verification Builder

6.1 Basic API

6.2 Verification Modes

6.3 Built-in Checkers

6.4 Complete Example

Chapter 7: Mixed Usage Patterns

7.1 Comprehensive Example

Appendix A: PVM Compatibility Iron Rules

Appendix B: Call Semantics Quick Reference

B.1 Call Primitive Selection

B.2 Scenario Recommended Patterns

Appendix C: Mechanism Comparison Table